Charles Ashworth
The Patchwork of Paths: A Quick Guide to Rights of Way
Britain’s countryside is crisscrossed by a network of paths that have been walked for centuries. These are not simply random tracks; they are public rights of way, each with its own set of rules and permissions. If you are new to country walking, the variety can be confusing. A footpath is not the same as a bridleway, and open access land comes with its own freedoms and responsibilities. The key is to understand what each designation means before you set out, and to always check local signs at the start of your route. Getting this right ensures you enjoy your day whilst respecting the working landscape and the people who live and work in it.
There are four main types of public right of way in England and Wales: public footpaths, public bridleways, restricted byways, and byways open to all traffic. Scotland has its own, more open system of access. Each type is usually waymarked with coloured arrows – yellow for footpaths, blue for bridleways, purple for restricted byways, and red for byways open to all traffic. Knowing these colours is a simple but powerful tool for any walker.
Public Footpaths: For Walkers Only
A public footpath is exactly what it sounds like: a path you can walk on. You may not ride a horse or a bicycle on a public footpath, and you cannot drive a vehicle along it. These paths often cross private land, including fields, farmyards, and even gardens. The landowner has a duty to keep the path clear, but you have a duty to stick to the line of the path. Wandering off it is trespassing. You will frequently encounter stiles, kissing gates, and footbridges – charming features that are part of our heritage, but also practical ways to keep livestock contained. Dogs are welcome on public footpaths, but they must be under close control, and on a short lead around livestock or when signs request it.
Bridleways and Byways: More Than Just Walking
Public bridleways are open to walkers, horse riders, and cyclists. The order of priority matters: cyclists must give way to walkers and horse riders, and walkers should be mindful of horses. Bridleways are often wider and less improved than footpaths, and you may find gates rather than stiles. Restricted byways allow walkers, horse riders, cyclists, and horse-drawn vehicles. Byways open to all traffic can legally be used by motor vehicles, but many are unsuitable for cars and are best enjoyed on foot or horseback. Always check the waymark and any local signs, as some bridleways have seasonal restrictions or permissive sections that can be closed at certain times.
Open Access Land: The Right to Roam
Open access land – typically mountain, moor, heath, and down – gives you the right to walk freely away from paths. This is a wonderful freedom, but it comes with clear limits. You may not ride a horse or cycle on open access land unless there is a specific bridleway or byway. Dogs must be kept on a short lead between 1 March and 31 July, and at all times near livestock, to protect ground-nesting birds and farm animals. Local signs will tell you if access is restricted for conservation, shooting, or other reasons. Even on open access land, you must respect privacy and not enter buildings or gardens. The right to roam is a privilege best enjoyed quietly and responsibly.
The Countryside Code: Small Actions, Big Difference
The Countryside Code is a simple set of principles that keeps the countryside safe and pleasant for everyone. The most important rule for many walkers is to close gates behind you. If a gate is open, leave it open – unless a sign asks you to close it. This is because livestock may be moving between fields. Other essentials include:
- Leave no trace: take all litter home, including fruit peel and dog waste bags.
- Control your dog: keep it in sight and on a lead around livestock, even if it is usually well-behaved.
- Stay on the path: on public footpaths, do not cut across crops or enter private land.
- Be considerate: give way to horse riders and cyclists, and greet fellow walkers warmly.
- Protect wildlife: do not disturb animals, and keep to the path during nesting season.
These small courtesies make a big difference to farmers, wildlife, and other visitors. They also help keep the path network open and well-maintained for future generations.
Checking Signs and Local Variations
No two counties are exactly alike. Some paths are public rights of way; others are permissive paths that the landowner allows you to use but can close at any time. Local councils publish definitive maps of rights of way, and national park authorities often provide detailed leaflets and online resources. When you arrive at a path, look for waymarks, fingerposts, and information boards. If a sign says “no public access” or “private”, do not assume it is a mistake – respect it. If you are unsure, ask a local or check a detailed map before you set off. Weather and seasons also change conditions: a path that is easy in summer may be muddy or flooded in winter. Plan ahead, wear suitable footwear, and carry a map and compass. The countryside is a working environment, not a theme park, and it rewards those who treat it with care and curiosity.
